Investigation of the Relationship Between Astronomical, Solar, and Lunar Calendars

الملخص

Abstract

Calendars, as important tools for organizing time in human societies, are based on astronomical principles. This research examines and compares solar, lunar, and astronomical calendars, analyzing their differences and similarities in terms of scientific foundations, computational methods, and social applications. The research method was library-based, utilizing credible scientific, historical, and astronomical sources. The findings indicate that solar calendars are organized according to the Earth's movement around the Sun and are used in agricultural, economic, and civil contexts. In contrast, lunar calendars are based on the Moon's orbit around the Earth and are primarily used for determining religious occasions. Additionally, astronomical calendars, which rely on the positions of stars, are mainly employed in scientific research and predicting cosmic events. The results of the study suggest that each of these calendars has its own advantages and limitations. Solar calendars have high accuracy in timekeeping, while lunar calendars require periodic adjustments to align with the seasons. The choice of calendar type depends on the needs of society and its practical objectives, and advancements in science and technology can enhance the accuracy and efficiency of these timekeeping system.

Keywords: Astronomical calendar, calendar’s relationships, history of calendars, lunar calendar, similarities and differences, solar calendar.